Exploring Boulder Opal: Nature's Colorful Gemstone
Intro
Boulder opal stands out in the realm of gemstones, capturing the eye with its multifaceted display of colors that dance upon the ironstone matrix. It’s not just a beloved collectible for rock and fossil aficionados; it also holds a significant place in geological studies and cultural histories. Each piece of boulder opal tells a story, a narrative woven from the earth's history, etched in the iridescent hues it exhibits. As we embark on this exploration of boulder opal, we will uncover its physical characteristics, its geological journey, and the artistry that transforms this natural wonder into stunning jewelry.
The journey begins with a thorough understanding of the types of collectibles that encompass boulder opal. We will dive into the various collectible categories, analyze their features, and reveal what makes each category distinctive. This framework sets the stage for our subsequent discussions on identification techniques, offering collectors essential tools and methods they can use on their quest for these exquisite gemstones. With the right insights and tools, enthusiasts can navigate the boulder opal marketplace confidently, ensuring that each acquisition is both meaningful and valuable.
Understanding the depth of boulder opal isn’t merely about its beauty; it’s about cultivating a deeper appreciation for the earth’s offerings and the processes that shape them. Each spark of color can be an invitation to learn more about where it came from and what it represents— a testament to nature’s artistry and endurance. As we turn our focus to the subsequent sections, we will provide a roadmap to cultivating a rich understanding of this jewel, ensuring that collectors have the knowledge they need to enjoy their passion fully.
Prelude to Boulder Opal
Boulder opal is not just any stone; it’s a beautiful canvas of nature's artistry. This introduction sets the stage for a deeper exploration into boulder opal, revealing the irreplaceable value it holds for rock and fossil collectors. Understanding boulder opal goes beyond its beautiful appearance. It opens a window into geological processes, cultural significance, and the intricate relationships formed between humans and gemstones over millennia.
As an iconic piece in the opal family, boulder opal stands out due to its striking play of color and unique matrix, often featuring ironstone. The combination of rich colors and patterns creates a visual feast for the eyes, making it highly sought after for both jewelry and collectible purposes.
To appreciate boulder opal fully, one must consider its definition and characteristics. Exploring these aspects not only informs collectors about its uniqueness but also helps them make informed decisions regarding purchases and care. Moreover, comparing boulder opal with other opals sheds light on its distinctive features and why it deserves a coveted spot in any collection.
The journey through boulder opal’s enchanting world is not just academic; it’s deeply sensory, brimming with opportunities for exploration, appreciation, and investment. With each facet and color, collectors can engage with a part of Earth's history, a story waiting to be told through a timeless jewel.
Physical Properties of Boulder Opal
Understanding the physical properties of boulder opal sheds light on why this gemstone is such a coveted treasure among collectors and jewelers alike. The myriad colors, patterns, and structural integrity of this opal type are intimately tied to its formation and natural environment. Recognizing these aspects can significantly enhance one's appreciation of boulder opal, elevating it from a mere gemstone to a storied piece of natural artistry.
Color Variation and Patterns
One of the most striking characteristics of boulder opal is its dazzling color variations and unique patterns. Unlike certain opals that exhibit a more uniform hue, boulder opal delights with a chaotic yet harmonious interplay of colors, ranging from fiery reds and vibrant greens to deeper blues and soothing yellows. It’s almost as if nature decided to unleash its palette without reservation.
Each piece tells a story through its patterns, often resembling landscapes or abstract art. The presence of ironstone matrix within the opal contributes to this vividness. It acts as a backdrop, enhancing the colorful play of light known as the opalescent effect. This play of color, often referred to as play-of-color, occurs due to the diffraction of light as it passes through the silica spheres of the opal.
"The beauty of boulder opal is like a kaleidoscope of nature, shifting with each angle."
Collectors often seek out unique patterns, like those reminiscent of a sunset or ocean waves, which can vastly increase the value of the stone.
Structure and Composition
Boulder opal stands apart from other types due to not just its beauty but also its intricate structure. Primarily, it consists of silica and water, typically forming in a matrix of ironstone or sandstone. This unique compositional backdrop provides a solid structure for the opal, making it inherently different from more fragile opal varieties.
The silica forms a gel-like substance that, over time, fills cavities or spaces within its host rock, resulting in solid pieces that are often more durable than traditional opal, which can be more brittle. This intrinsic strength has practical implications. For instance, boulder opal jewelry can withstand daily wear better than other opals, making it a preferred choice for rings and bracelets.
Hardness and Durability
The hardness and durability of boulder opal is a crucial aspect that contributes to its desirability. On the Mohs scale, boulder opal registers about 5.5 to 6, lending it resilience against scratches and everyday wear. This hardness significantly benefits those who wear the gemstone as jewelry.
While not as tough as diamonds, boulder opal manages to hold its own, striking a balance between beauty and practicality. Proper care tips include avoiding exposure to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures, which can cause damage over time. Regularly wiping it with a soft cloth and storing it in a safe environment can extend its lifespan considerably. For collectors, understanding this durability informs handling, storage, and maintenance practices, ensuring their prized pieces remain in pristine condition for years to come.
Formation of Boulder Opal
The formation of boulder opal is a fascinating blend of geology and mineralogy. This section seeks to unpack the nuances underlying how this beautiful gem comes into being, focusing on the specific geological conditions and mineralogical processes that play critical roles in its development. Understanding these elements is essential not just for collectors but also for anyone intrigued by the wonder of geological creations. When we delve into the formation, we can appreciate not only the beauty of boulder opal but also its rarity, which ultimately adds to its desirability and value.
Geological Conditions
Boulder opal’s formation is closely tied to its unique geological setting. The conditions under which it forms are a mix of volcanic activity and sedimentation. Typically, these opals are found within ironstone, which contributes to their striking patterns and colors.
The most significant geological conditions include:
- Temperature: High temperatures can influence the mineralization process, impacting the final appearance of the opal.
- Water: A significant factor in the formation of boulder opal is the presence of water, often in the form of silica-rich solutions that seep into cracks within ironstone, allowing silica to slowly accumulate.
- Depth: The location of the deposit plays a role in how the opals form, as deeper deposits can allow for more complex mineral interactions.
On a broader scale, these geological conditions lead to a symbiosis that enhances both the visual appeal of the opal and its structural integrity.
One could connect this to cooking; for a quality stew, you need the right amount of heat and care. Similarly, boulder opal requires specific geological 'ingredients' to create its stunning visuals.
Mineralogical Processes
Mineralogically, the formation of boulder opal involves several complex processes, notably the precipitation of silica from a solution and the conditions surrounding it. Once silica enters the ironstone matrix, its subsequent crystallization occurs over extended periods, typically thousands to millions of years. This slow process allows for the creation of the distinctive color play
The significant mineralogical processes involve:
- Silica Gel Formation: Initially, the silica exists in a gel-like state, as it is suspended in water. As conditions start to change, including evaporation, it solidifies to form opal.
- Layering: Over time, different silica deposits can create layers within the boulder opal, which contribute to the unique appearances in color and pattern that each specimen showcases.
- Environmental Influences: Factors such as earth movements can cause tension within rocks, allowing for more silica to enter the cracks, enhancing the end product.
Understanding these intricate processes is essential for appreciating the unique beauty of boulder opal. The interplay between the geological environment and mineralogical behavior results in a gemstone that is not just beautiful but also steeped in the history of our planet.
By grasping the formation of boulder opal, collectors are better equipped to appreciate the stories that they carry — the tweaks of nature, the passage of time, and the unique conditions that morph the ordinary into the extraordinary.
For further reading about gemstones and their formation, you might find the following resources useful:
Historical Significance of Boulder Opal
Boulder opal holds a revered position not only in the realm of gemstones but also in the narratives and traditions of cultures around the world. Its discovery and use date back to ancient times, igniting imaginations and inspiring art. The significance of the stone extends beyond its visual appeal; it embodies history, spirituality, and connection to the earth itself.
Cultural Impact and Symbolism
Boulder opal isn't just admired for its physical properties; it has been tightly woven into the fabric of various cultures, symbolizing traits ranging from purity to protection. Ancient tribes, particularly in Australia, recognized its beauty and believed it to contain the essence of the land. In many indigenous circles, opal is seen as a bridge between the material and spiritual worlds.
- Symbol of Hope and Renewal\ The shifting colors within boulder opal remind many of nature’s cycles, symbolizing hope and renewal in times of hardship. As its hues change when light dances upon its surface, it may be viewed as a metaphor for change and the ever-evolving human experience.
- Cultural Artifacts\ Historically, boulder opal has been crafted into decorative artifacts and talismans, often passed down through generations. It's common to find these creations in the attire of ceremonial leaders or used in rituals to call upon spirits for guidance and protection.
- Art Inspiration\ Artists and craftsmen have long been enamored by the opal's ability to reflect and refract light, incorporating its mesmerizing patterns into jewelry and artwork. Those who wear boulder opal are often seen as holding a piece of nature's artistry, often believed to enhance creativity and originality.
"Boulder opal is the canvas upon which nature paints its stories, making each stone not just a gem, but a narrative of the earth's beauty."
Significance in Indigenous Societies
For Indigenous peoples, especially in Australia, boulder opal is not merely a gemstone; it serves as an integral part of their cultural identity. These communities have interacted with the earthy beauty of opal for thousands of years, shaping their cultural practices and beliefs around it.
- Connection to Land\ The opal mines, often located in remote areas, are viewed as sacred. Harvesting opal is intertwined with spirituality and respect for the land, linking the people back to their ancestors. The tales surrounding the opal's creation are visualized through Dreamtime stories that further solidify their importance.
- Cultural Heritage\ Boulder opal is often used in traditional jewelry, embodying the wearer’s connection to their heritage. It is common to see these gems adorning ceremonial outfits, connecting individuals to their lineage and traditions.
- Economic Significance\ The mining and selling of boulder opal provides income for many Indigenous communities. This form of economic participation not only supports local economies but also helps sustain cultural practices associated with the stone.
By understanding the historical significance of boulder opal, we appreciate not only its beauty and rarity but also its role in shaping identities and cultures around the world.
Value and Pricing of Boulder Opal
Understanding the value and pricing of boulder opal is crucial for anyone delving into the world of gemstones, especially for collectors and enthusiasts. This segment sheds light on how much these gems can cost and what factors contribute to that valuation. Boulder opal, with its distinctive play of color and matrix, presents unique challenges and rewards in the marketplace. Knowing how to assess its worth can make a significant difference, whether one is buying, selling, or simply appraising an existing collection.
Factors Influencing Value
The value of boulder opal can vary tremendously based on several key aspects:
- Color Play: The vibrant color displays of boulder opal play a critical role in valuation. Gems showcasing a broad spectrum of colors, particularly those with vivid blues, greens, and reds, tend to fetch higher prices. The intensity, distribution, and overall quality of the colors can elevate a stone from ordinary to extraordinary.
- Placement of Color: The manner in which colors are arranged impacts perceived value. For instance, opals that display color in broad, sweeping patterns rather than random splotches are often more desirable.
- Matrix Quality: The host rock or matrix surrounding the opal contributes significantly to its overall appeal and value. A fine ironstone matrix that complements the opal can enhance its attractiveness and price.
- Size and Shape: Generally, bigger opals will go for a higher price, particularly if they are well-shaped or polished. A beautifully shaped stone can be worth its weight in gold—or more.
- Clarity and Surface Features: Stones free from cracks or scratches are more valuable. While the presence of certain inclusions can create interesting patterns, significant damage typically detracts from value.
"A gemstone's worth is often in its story, not just its looks."
These characteristics intertwine to determine the market value of boulder opal, requiring collectors to sharpen their eyes when assessing stones.
Market Trends
The marketplace for boulder opal is influenced by trends which may ebb and flow with time. Recently, there’s been a marked uptick in interest in boulder opal, which has propelled prices upward. Here are some trends to consider:
- Increased Demand for Unique Stones: As collectors seek more distinctive and rare stones, boulder opal's popularity has surged. This increasing demand has created a competitive market, thereby pushing prices higher.
- Online Sales and Auction Platforms: The ease of finding boulder opal through various online marketplaces has affected pricing. Auctions or platforms like Etsy and eBay allow pieces to reach a wider audience, leading to higher bids due to increased competition.
- Investment in Natural Gemstones: As natural gemstones see a revival in interest compared to synthetic alternatives, boulder opal is often regarded as a sound investment. Buyers are increasingly convinced of its long-term value, driving prices up further.
- Cultural Integration: There has been a growing trend toward incorporating boulder opal in traditional and modern jewelry. Designers have begun to highlight its unique traits, connecting with consumers seeking both beauty and stories behind their jewelry.
In summary, understanding the nuances of value and pricing in boulder opal isn’t merely about numbers; it’s about appreciating the natural artistry of the stone itself. Collectors who keep an eye on market trends and factors affecting value will be better prepared to make informed decisions in their pursuits.
Identification and Grading of Boulder Opal
The realm of boulder opal is as colorful as the gem itself. Grasping the art of identification and grading is vital, not just for collectors but also for jewelers and enthusiasts alike. Knowing how to accurately identify boulder opal can significantly influence its value and desirability. A gem's worth isn’t merely rooted in its appearance but intertwined with its authenticity and grading.
Understanding these practices ensures buyers aren't led astray by fakes or poor-quality stones. It opens the door to appreciating the craftsmanship and natural beauty of these striking stones. Here’s a closer look at how we can effectively recognize and grade boulder opal.
Visual Identification Techniques
When it comes to visual identification, the devil is in the details. First off, it’s essential to observe the opal's surface. The unique matrix often highlights ironstone, and this distinctive backdrop sets boulder opal apart from its more homogeneous counterparts.
To start identifying, one should check:
- Color Play: Unlike regular opals, boulder opals offer a vibrant display of colors against the host rock background. Look for that shimmering light show which is every bit as hypnotic as it is crucial in determining quality.
- Pattern and Shape: Patterns can vary widely—from broad color bars to flecks that resemble pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Familiarizing oneself with various patterns paves the way for quicker identification.
- Surface Texture: Examine the polish and luster of the stone. A well-polished boulder opal should reflect light succinctly, enhancing its intricate colors.
- Weight and Hardness: Boulder opal often feels heavier than other opals due to the stone's matrix. Its hardness, generally around 5.5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, is another key characteristic.
A handy tip is using a jeweler's loupe for a closer view—this simple tool reveals details invisible to the naked eye.
Professional Grading Systems
Grading systems sort the wheat from the chaff. Professionals utilize various criteria when assessing boulder opal: color, pattern, surface quality, and shape come into play after visual identification. Each attribute helps bridge the gap between basic identification and formal grading.
- Color Classification: Experts categorize colors based on hue, tone, and saturation. Bolder, more vivid colors often fetch higher prices. The range of colors seen in boulder opals—from electric blues to fiery reds—can elevate a piece from good to gem-worthy.
- Pattern Quality: High-quality boulder opals have more intricate and well-defined patterns. A detailed pattern can draw attention and is therefore a significant factor in grading.
- Surface Quality: Grading systems also account for surface flaws. Scratch-free, smooth surfaces score higher than those riddled with pits or cracks.
- Durability and Weight: The overall shape and weight determine how well the opal can last in jewelry form. A robust boulder opal is a valuable asset for jewelers looking to create lasting pieces.
Ultimately, a reliable conspectus classifies boulder opals into varying grades, from commercial-grade opals to top-tier collector’s pieces.
"Identifying and grading boulder opal transcends mere aesthetics; it’s about appreciating the story each stone tells."
For those who want to delve deeper into the topic, a visit to reliable sources like Wikipedia and Britannica could further enhance your understanding of boulder opal and its grading techniques.
By sharpening your identification skills and understanding grading systems, you’re not just becoming a collector—you’re becoming part of a vibrant community that values and cherishes these earthy gems.
Uses and Applications of Boulder Opal
Boulder opal is not just a pretty face; it offers a range of uses and applications that make it a prized possession for jewelry makers, collectors, and investors. Understanding how this vibrant gemstone is utilized provides valuable insight into its significance and allure. From its captivating display in jewelry design to its role as a collectible, boulder opal brings both aesthetic beauty and potential value.
Jewelry Design
When it comes to jewelry, boulder opal is like finding a golden nugget in a mine full of rocks. Its unique matrix and striking play of color allow for a variety of design possibilities. Jewelers often find creative ways to showcase boulder opal, using techniques that highlight the stone's vibrant hues and distinctive patterns.
- Versatility in Design: Boulder opal can be crafted into earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and rings. Its color range can vary from deep blues and greens to fiery reds and yellows, making it suitable for both casual and formal pieces.
- Enhancing Other Materials: The natural beauty of boulder opal complements many materials, such as silver, gold, and even leather. This makes it a favored choice for adding a splash of color and elegance to a collection.
- Customization: Given the uniqueness of each boulder opal piece, custom designs are often quite popular. Buyers can request specific cuts and settings that showcase the opal's beauty in a personalized way.
"Boulder opal's allure lies not just in its colors but in the stories behind each piece, making every jewelry item a narrative of nature's artistry."
These elements make boulder opal a favorite among artisans, as they can craft bespoke, eye-catching pieces that cater to a wide audience. However, potential buyers should also consider the quality and grading of the opal, as this can affect both the aesthetic and financial value of the jewelry.
Collectible Value
Beyond its use in jewelry, boulder opal holds significant collectible value that can attract avid rock hounds and gem aficionados alike. The market for gemstones has been steadily growing, and boulder opal is no exception. Here are a few factors contributing to its allure as a collectible:
- Rarity: Boulder opals are not as commonly found as other types of opal, making quality pieces highly sought after. Collectors often appreciate the uniqueness of each stone, as no two boulder opals are alike.
- Investment Potential: The value of boulder opals can appreciate significantly over time. As rare specimens become more difficult to source, those in possession of high-quality pieces may find their investments maturing nicely.
- Display and Exhibition: Many collectors enjoy showcasing their boulder opal specimens in displays or exhibitions. The vibrant colors and patterns often capture the attention of anyone who lays eyes on them, enhancing their desirability.
When diving into boulder opal collection, it is crucial to keep an eye on market trends, including the popularity of certain color patterns, and overall care techniques to maintain the stones' brilliance.
In summary, the uses and applications of boulder opal extend far beyond simple ornamentation; it is an intersection of aesthetic delight and collectible value. Understanding this can give enthusiasts both appreciation and strategies for their investments in this remarkable gemstone.
Care and Maintenance of Boulder Opal
Keeping your boulder opal in tip-top shape is essential for its longevity and brilliance. This gemstone, with its vibrant colors and captivating patterns, requires a bit more attention than some other types of opals. The unique blend of opal and ironstone matrix makes it an eye-catching piece in any collection, but also somewhat susceptible to damage when mishandled. Understanding how to care for this jewel can help maintain its beauty and value, making it all the more enjoyable to show off or wear.
Cleaning Guidelines
When it comes to cleaning boulder opal, gentle is the name of the game. You don't want to go at it like a bull in a china shop, as harsh chemicals or abrasive materials can dull its surface or even cause cracks. Here are some key points to consider:
- Avoid harsh soaps or commercial cleaners. Stick to a soft microfiber cloth or a gentle brush with warm, soapy water. A mild dish soap works wonders—just enough to get rid of surface dirt without compromising the opal's finish.
- Rinse thoroughly. After cleaning, it's crucial to rinse the stone well. Any soap residue can lead to discoloration over time.
- Dry with care. Instead of rubbing it vigorously, gently pat the stone dry with a clean towel. This helps to avoid any scratches.
It’s advisable to establish a routine cleaning schedule, perhaps every few months, or after wearing the piece on special occasions like outings or events, where it might come into contact with sweat or lotions.
Storage Recommendations
Care doesn't stop at cleaning—it extends into how you store your boulder opal as well. Here are few tips to keep your opal safe:
- Store separately. To avoid scratches and potential damage from other jewelry, it’s best to keep your boulder opal in its own compartment. Use a soft pouch or a jewelry box lined with fabric.
- Avoid extreme temperatures. Opals can crack if exposed to sudden temperature changes or prolonged heat. Therefore, it’s wise to store your opal in a stable environment, away from direct sunlight or heat sources.
- Humidity control. Since opals are sensitive to extreme dryness, keeping a balanced humidity level in the storage area can also be beneficial. You can consider using silica gel packets in the storage area to absorb excess moisture if necessary.
By taking these steps, not only will you protect your boulder opal, but you will also preserve its luster, making it a long-lasting gem in your collection.
Tip: A little care goes a long way. Regular maintenance can prevent larger issues down the line.
Geographical Sources of Boulder Opal
Understanding the geographical sources of boulder opal is like peeling an onion; the more you uncover, the more complex and fascinating the subject becomes. Boulder opal is predominantly found in Australia, which is not just the largest producer of this gem but also the heart of its vibrant stories and folklore. Knowing where these opals come from provides a backdrop to their value and rarity in the market, offering insight into their unique characteristics and the cultural contexts that shape their appreciation. The landscape dictates not only the physical attributes of the stones but also their cultural significance in the areas they are mined.
Major Mining Regions
The leading player in the world of boulder opal mining is Queensland, Australia. Particularly, the mining towns of Winton and Opalton are recognized for their rich deposits of this beautiful stone. These regions have been the epicenter of boulder opal extraction since the late 19th century and host numerous mines, each with a story etched into the very earth.
In Winton, the opals come nestled in ironstone, which creates that unique matrix effect that collectors chase after. The striking blue and green hues of the boulder opal found in this region can rival any gemstone. As you wander through these mining towns, the landscape reveals fascinating geology. Old mining shafts, remnants of past efforts, stand as testament to the tireless quest for these treasures. Besides Queensland, some deposits have been reported in New South Wales, though they don't quite match the richness of Queensland's offerings.
"These opals, each a narrative typed into rock, reflect thousands of years of nature's craftsmanship, waiting to be discovered."
Emerging Sources
While Australia has long held the crown for boulder opal, the globe is seeing some budding producers entering the market. Countries like Ethiopia and Mexico have recently sparked interest among gem enthusiasts.
Ethiopia, especially, is becoming known for its own unique take on opal mining, and some gem aficionados are beginning to examine whether their products can stand toe-to-toe with the big names. Here, deposits often yield opal with vivid colors, attracting a new wave of collectors eager to explore stones that hold different but equally captivating narratives.
Mexico's contribution is lesser-known, but it's gaining traction, too. Certain regions within the country are producing opal with distinctive color patterns, different from Australians but promising in their own right. These emerging sources not only add to the diversity of offerings in the boulder opal market but also underscore the dynamic nature of gem mining as an industry that continuously evolves.
Finale and Future Perspectives
Boulder opal stands as a testimony to the beauty and complexity found in nature. It is not just a gemstone, but a rich narrative of geological activity and cultural history. Understanding boulder opal offers enthusiasts a glimpse into the intricate interplay between the earth’s elements and time. The importance of grasping the nature of this unique mineral extends beyond mere appreciation; it informs collectors on how to value, evaluate, and care for their pieces. Without doubt, enlightened discernment about boulder opal enhances the overall experience of collecting this remarkable gem.
Summary of Key Points
- Characteristics of Boulder Opal: Unlike other opals, boulder opal incorporates its host rock, often resulting in stunning patterns and vibrant flashes of color. This aspect contributes significantly to its allure.
- Geological Formation: The formation processes of boulder opal are intricate, typically involving silica-rich solutions depositing in ironstone formations over millennia.
- Cultural Significance: Historically, boulder opals have been woven into the fabric of indigenous cultures, symbolizing far more than mere adornment.
- Value Assessment: Factors influencing the price and value of boulder opal encompass color, pattern, and condition, making it vital for collectors to understand nuances in grading.
- Future Trends in the Market: As awareness and appreciation for boulder opal grow within the jewelry market, emerging designs and types are likely to surface, thereby expanding collectibles further.
Future Trends in Boulder Opal
Looking ahead, the trends surrounding boulder opal seem promising. The demand for unique gemstones increases as consumers seek distinct pieces that carry stories. Here are a few points to ponder about future trends:
- Sustainable and Ethical Mining: As environmental concerns rise among collectors and consumers, ethical sourcing and sustainability in mining practices may dictate market choices. This shift could encourage companies to adopt more responsible mining methods while maintaining the integrity of local communities.
- Integration in Modern Jewelry: Designers are continuously innovating ways to incorporate boulder opal into contemporary settings, making them appealing to younger generations. Expect to see boulder opals featured prominently in both custom jewelry and limited-edition collections.
- Educational Efforts: With the increase in interest, education around boulder opal is likely to flourish. Workshops, online courses, and webinars focusing on identification and care might become commonplace, further deepening the appreciation of this gemstone.
- Collecting Paradigms: As the market evolves, new dynamics in how collectors view value and rarity may change how boulder opals are cherished. Trends like color rarity or unique patterns could drive future valuations, inviting enthusiasts to stay informed.
"Gemstones tell a story, boulder opal tells a history."
